Previous Module
Demand Response

Microgrid Control Systems

Explore the hierarchical control architectures that enable microgrids to maintain stability, optimize performance, and ensure reliable operation across different time scales

Hierarchical Control Architecture

Primary Control

Fast-acting local controllers that maintain immediate stability through droop control and automatic voltage regulation. Response time: < 100ms

🎯

Secondary Control

System-wide coordination for power balancing, economic dispatch, and frequency restoration. Response time: 1-10 seconds

📈

Tertiary Control

Strategic optimization including unit commitment, market participation, and long-term planning. Response time: minutes to hours

Control Hierarchy in Action

Explore how different control layers work together to maintain microgrid stability. Click on each layer to see its specific responsibilities and response characteristics.

Control Hierarchy Simulator

Primary Control

< 100ms

Fast-acting local controllers for immediate response

Components: Inverters, Protective Relays, Local Controllers

Secondary Control

1-10 seconds

Coordination layer for system-wide optimization

Components: Energy Management System, SCADA, Load Controllers

Tertiary Control

minutes to hours

Strategic planning and market integration

Components: Grid Operator Interface, Forecasting Systems, Market Interface

Primary Control Details

Response Time
< 100ms
Responsibilities
  • Voltage/frequency regulation
  • Fault detection
  • Islanding protection
Key Components
InvertersProtective RelaysLocal Controllers

Real-Time System Status

Frequency
60.00 Hz
Voltage
480 V
Power Balance
30 kW
Battery SOC
75%

Economic Dispatch Optimization

Learn how microgrids optimize generation dispatch based on different objectives: cost minimization, emissions reduction, or reliability maximization.

Economic Dispatch Optimizer

Generation Sources

Solar PV
300 kW @ $0.05/kWh
0 kW
$0k/day
Wind Turbine
200 kW @ $0.04/kWh
0 kW
$0k/day
Battery Storage
250 kW @ $0.08/kWh
0 kW
$0k/day
Diesel Generator
150 kW @ $0.25/kWh
0 kW
$0k/day

Dispatch Summary

Total Generation0 kW
Load Demand450 kW
Net Balance-450 kW
Daily Cost$0.00k

Generation Mix

Optimization Insights

  • • Prioritizing lowest-cost sources first
  • • Diesel used only when renewables insufficient
  • • Battery provides flexibility for peak shaving

Protection and Safety Systems

Design protection schemes for different fault scenarios to ensure system safety and minimize outage impacts on critical loads.

Protection Scheme Designer

Protection Devices

Short Circuit Fault

High current fault between phases or phase-to-ground

Severity
high
Typical Current
5000A+

System Response

Detection Time0 ms
Isolation Time0 ms
Total Response0 ms
Affected Load0%
System Stabilitystable

Protection Recommendations

  • • Include breaker for short circuit fault protection
  • • Include relay for short circuit fault protection
  • • Include fuse for short circuit fault protection
  • • Response time should be < 200ms for system stability
  • • Minimize affected load through selective coordination
  • • Test protection schemes regularly for reliability

Control System Challenges

Technical Challenges

  • • Maintaining synchronism during transitions
  • • Coordinating distributed energy resources
  • • Managing power quality and harmonics
  • • Handling communication delays and failures
  • • Balancing multiple optimization objectives

Operational Challenges

  • • Real-time decision making under uncertainty
  • • Predictive maintenance and fault diagnosis
  • • Cybersecurity and system vulnerability
  • • Regulatory compliance and standards
  • • Scalability as system grows
← Back to Architecture Design