🔐 ZK Circuits: Validity Proofs Explained
Learn how ZK-SNARKs enable trustless computation verification
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0 / 5 completedWhat are ZK-Rollup Circuits?
**ZK-Rollup circuits** are the computational backbone of zero-knowledge rollups—layer 2 scaling solutions that batch thousands of transactions and prove their validity with a single cryptographic proof. These circuits translate blockchain state transitions into mathematical constraints that can be verified in constant time.
Instead of replaying every transaction on-chain, ZK-Rollups use circuits to generate succinct proofs that the state transition was computed correctly. This enables **100-1000x scaling** while maintaining Ethereum's security guarantees.
🔐 How ZK Circuits Enable Scalability
Interactive: Circuit Complexity Explorer
Explore different types of ZK circuits used in rollups and understand their complexity tradeoffs.
Simple Arithmetic
Basic addition/multiplication circuits
Real-World ZK-Rollups
Circuit Design Principles
⚡ Minimize Constraints
Fewer constraints = faster proving time. Optimize by reusing intermediate values and avoiding redundant checks.
🔢 Native Field Operations
Operations in the circuit's native field (typically BN254) are cheap. Non-native arithmetic (like Ethereum's 256-bit) is expensive.
🎯 Batching Strategy
Amortize proof cost across many transactions. A 1000-tx batch has same verification cost as 1 tx.
🛡️ Security vs Performance
Balance circuit size with security requirements. Under-constrained circuits can be exploited.